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A Pap smear, or Pap test, is a screening procedure used to detect abnormal cells in the cervix, which can be indicative of cervical cancer or precancerous conditions. During the test, cells are collected from the surface of the cervix using a brush or spatula and then examined under a microscope for any abnormal changes. The Pap smear is a critical tool in the early detection of cervical cancer and is often performed as part of routine gynecological exams. The primary cause for conducting a Pap smear is to screen for cervical cancer and to identify any precancerous changes in the cervical cells that could develop into cancer if left untreated. It is recommended for women starting at age 21 and is typically performed every three years until the age of 29. After age 30, it may be combined with testing for human papillomavirus (HPV), a virus that can cause cervical cancer, and performed every five years if both tests are negative. Symptoms that might prompt a Pap smear include abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding between periods, after intercourse, or after menopause, as well as unusual vaginal discharge or pelvic pain. The test is also part of routine screening for women who are asymptomatic but are at risk for cervical cancer due to factors such as HPV infection or a family history of the disease. Complications from a Pap smear are generally rare but can include temporary discomfort or slight bleeding following the procedure. In some cases, the test may yield false positive results, suggesting the presence of abnormal cells when there are none, leading to additional follow-up tests and potential anxiety. Conversely, false negative results can occur, where the test misses abnormal cells, which underscores the importance of regular screening and follow-up. The Pap smear is a vital preventive measure in women's health, aiding in the early detection and treatment of cervical cancer and significantly improving outcomes through timely intervention.